La paradiplomacia de las provincias canadienses y su rol en la gobernanza de américa del norte
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article analyzes the paradiplomacy of the Canadian provinces within the North American region in order to define its relevance in the governance of the region in crucial themes under their jurisdiction. In the first section, the dimension and characteristics of Canadian provinces’ paradiplomacy are examined, as well as the factors explaining these international activities, such as federalism, decentralization, globalization and the new forms of governance. In the second section, the dimension of international activities of three provinces are considered: Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia, both in the North American region and in other regions of the world, focusing on the type and objectives of the international activities as well as their effects on the regional governance in North America. Although Quebec continues being the Canadian province with the highest level of international activities, other provinces in this country such as Alberta and British Columbia have increasingly expanded their activities beyond national frontiers in recent decades in order to promote their interests abroad and solve global and regional problems through the international action.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".