Why do anguilliform swimmers perform undulation with wavelengths shorter than their bodylengths?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding the connection between physiology and kinematics of natural swimmers is of great importance to design efficient bio-inspired underwater vehicles. This study looks at high-fidelity three-dimensional numerical simulations for flows over an undulating American eel with prescribed anguilliform kinematics. Particularly, our work focuses on why natural anguilliform swimmers employ wavelengths shorter than their bodylengths while performing wavy kinematics. For this purpose, we vary the undulatory wavelength for a range of values generally observed in different aquatic animals at Strouhal numbers 0.30 and 0.40. We observe that our anguilliform swimmer is able to demonstrate more suitable hydrodynamic performance for wavelengths of 0.65 and 0.80. For longer wavelengths, the swimmer experiences large frictional drag, which deteriorates its performance. The wake topology was dominated by hairpin-like structures, which are closely linked with the underlying physics of anguilliform swimming found in nature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".