High‐Performance Quasi‐Solid‐State Na‐Air Battery via Gel Cathode by Confining Moisture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Rechargeable Na‐air batteries are the subject of great interest because of their high theoretical specific energy density, lower cost, and lower charge potential compared with Li‐air batteries. However, high purity O2 as a working environment is required to achieve high‐performance Na‐air batteries, which obstructs their application as a high‐energy‐density battery. Although aqueous Na‐air batteries can operate in ambient air, long cycle and high safety remain challenges for aqueous Na‐air batteries because the aqueous electrolyte is volatile. Here, a quasi‐solid‐state Na‐air battery is reported by utilizing a gel cathode, which is composed of single‐walled carbon nanotubes and room‐temperature ionic liquids, achieving high safety and long cycling life of 125 cycles (528 h) at a current density of 0.1 mA cm−2, which is surprisingly better than that of quasi‐solid‐state NaO2 batteries. In situ XRD characterizations reveal that water in ambient air is gradually deposited on the surface of the gel cathode to form a water layer, which facilitates the generation of soluble discharge product of NaOH thermodynamically with high conductivity. This work shall be critical to develop and promote the practical application of Na‐air batteries, opening a new way to the design of solid‐state metal‐air batteries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".