Lignin Precipitation in Auto-catalyzed Ethanol Pulping Studied by XPS and AFM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The morphological characteristics,chemical composition and lignin distribution on the fiber surfaces of auto-catalyzed ethanol pulp were studied.The results obtained from the observation of AFM showed that lignin particles completely cover on the un-washed fiber surfaces,the amount and size of the lignin particles covered on the fiber surfaces become less and small in washing process.The fibrillar structure can be observed clearly but there still are lignin particles on the fiber surfaces after four-stage washing.It was found that lignin particles on the fiber surface look like globule due to the interaction between lignin molecules.XPS analyses results indicated that O/C ratio of ethanol wheat straw pulp fiber surface is higher than the theoretical O/C ratio of cellulose and close to the theoretical O/C ratio of lignin,and it proves there is lignin on the fiber surface.Kappa number measurement suggested high kappa number of ethanol pulp is mainly due to the precipitation of the dissolved lignin from the pulping liquor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".