Lignin Precipitation in Auto-catalyzed Ethanol Pulping Studied by XPS and AFM
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The morphological characteristics,chemical composition and lignin distribution on the fiber surfaces of auto-catalyzed ethanol pulp were studied.The results obtained from the observation of AFM showed that lignin particles completely cover on the un-washed fiber surfaces,the amount and size of the lignin particles covered on the fiber surfaces become less and small in washing process.The fibrillar structure can be observed clearly but there still are lignin particles on the fiber surfaces after four-stage washing.It was found that lignin particles on the fiber surface look like globule due to the interaction between lignin molecules.XPS analyses results indicated that O/C ratio of ethanol wheat straw pulp fiber surface is higher than the theoretical O/C ratio of cellulose and close to the theoretical O/C ratio of lignin,and it proves there is lignin on the fiber surface.Kappa number measurement suggested high kappa number of ethanol pulp is mainly due to the precipitation of the dissolved lignin from the pulping liquor.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it