Preliminary Study on Differentiation of Floral Organs of Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The investigation of the differentiation and development of inflorescences and flowers in Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae) using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggests: 1) Flower bud differentiation of A.altissima occurs in early April on a panicle bearing many flowers; 2) The sequence of floral development proceeds from calyx primordia to corolla primordia to stamen primordia and finally to carpel primordia. Five sepal primordia are initiated spirally and asynchronously. Five petal primordia form nearly simultaneously and grow more slowly than the stamen primordia. The ten stamens are alternately arranged in two whorls; the two whorls develop simultaneously. The 5-carpellate gynoecium grows quickly. 3) In hermaphrodites, the five carpels adhere to each other to form the style and stigma; in staminate flowers, in late developmental stages, the five carpels are sterile and fertile stamens differentiate into anthers and filaments. In this paper, we focus on the morphological transition from bisexual to unisexual flower development in A.altissima. We observed that the primordia of staminate flowers are initiated in nearly the same way as in hermaphrodite flowers (although the time of initiation of each organ is different). The stamen and carpel primordia initiate simultaneously in both hermaphrodite and staminate flowers. The formation of reproductive structures is due to the differentiation in the course of development of the floral primordia that form the anthers and filaments and/or styles, stigmas, and ovaries. The formation of staminate flowers is due to suppression of the development of the gynoecium in A.altissima. The mechanism of transition from bisexual to unisexual flowers will only be clarified by further study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".