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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Lily Alexander, H Ross Anderson, Victoria F Bachman, Stan Biryukov, Michael Bräuer, Richard Burnett, Daniel Casey, Matthew M Coates, Aaron J. Cohen, Kristen Delwiche, Kara Estep, Joseph Frostad, Astha KC, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh, Marie Ng, Erica Leigh Slepak, Bernadette A Thomas, Joseph A. Wagner, Gunn Marit Aasvang, Cristiana Abbafati, Ayşe Abbasoğlu Özgören, Foad Abd-Allah, Semaw Ferede Abera, Victor Aboyans, Biju Abraham, Jerry Abraham, Ibrahim Abubakar, Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh, Tania C. Aburto, Tom Achoki, Ademola Adelekan, Adofo Koranteng, Arsène Kouablan Adou, José Carmelo Adsuar, Ashkan Afshin, Emilie Agardh, Mazin J Al Khabouri, Faris Lami, Deena Alasfoor, Mohammed I Albittar, Miguel Alegretti, Alicia V Aleman, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Rafael Alfonso‐Cristancho, Samia Alhabib, Raghib Ali, Mohammed K. Ali, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Peter J. Allen, Ubai Alsharif, Elena Álvarez, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Adansi A. Amankwaa, Azmeraw T. Amare, Emmanuel A Ameh, Omid Ameli, Heresh Amini, Walid Ammar, Benjamin O. Anderson, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Solveig Argeseanu Cunningham, Johan Ärnlöv, Valentina Arsić‐Arsenijević, Al Artaman, Rana J Asghar, Reza Assadi, Lydia S Atkins, Charles Atkinson, Marco Antonio Navarrete Ávila, Baffour Awuah, Alaa Badawi, Maria C Bahit, Talal Bakfalouni, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Shivanthi Balalla, Ravi Kumar Balu, Amitava Banerjee, Ryan M Barber, Suzanne Barker‐Collo, Sı́món Barquera, Lars Barregård, Lope H. Barrero, Tonatiuh Barrientos‐Gutiérrez, Ana Basto‐Abreu, Arindam Basu, Sanjay Basu, Mohammed Basulaiman, Carolina Batis, Justin Beardsley, Neeraj Bedi, Tolesa Bekele, Michelle L. Bell, Corina Benjet, Derrick Bennett, Habib Benzian, Eduardo Bernabé, Tariku J. Beyene, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Boris Bikbov, Aref A. Bin Abdulhak, Jed D Blore, Fiona Blyth, Megan A Bohensky, Berrak Bora Başara, Guilherme Borges, Natan M. Bornstein, Dipan Bose, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Michael Brainin, Alexandra Bražinová, Nicholas J. K. Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Adam Briggs, David M. Broday, Peter Brooks, Nigel Bruce, Traolach Brugha, Bert Brunekreef, Rachelle Buchbinder, Linh N Bui, Gene Bukhman, Andrew GM Bulloch, Michael Burch, Peter Burney, Ismael Campos‐Nonato, Julio César Campuzano, Alejandra Cantoral, Jack Caravanos, Rosario Cárdenas, Elisabeth Cardis, David O. Carpenter, Valeria Caso, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Rubén Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Fiorella Cavalleri, Alanur Çavlin, Vineet K Chadha, Jung‐Chen Chang, Fiona Charlson, Honglei Chen, Wanqing Chen, Zhengming Chen, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir, Rajiv Chowdhury, Costas A. Christophi, Ting‐Wu Chuang, Sumeet S. Chugh, Massimo Círillo, Thomas Claßen, Valentina Colistro, Mercedes Colomar, Samantha Colquhoun, Cyrus Cooper, Kimberly Cooperrider, Leslie T. Cooper, Josef Coresh, Karen Courville, Michael H Criqui, Lucía Cuevas‐Nasú, James Damsere-Derry, Hadi Danawi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I. Dargan, Adrian Davis, Dragoş Virgil Daviţoiu, Anand Dayama, E. Castro, Vanessa De la Cruz‐Góngora, Diego De Leo, Graça de Lima, Louisa Degenhardt, Borja del Pozo Cruz, Robert P Dellavalle, Kebede Deribe, Sarah Derrett, Don C. Des Jarlais, Muluken Dessalegn, Gabrielle deVeber, Karen Devries, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Mukesh Dherani, Daniel Dicker, Eric L. Ding, Клара Докова, E. Ray Dorsey, Tim Driscoll, Leilei Duan, Adnan M Durrani, Beth E. Ebel, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Yousef M Elshrek, Matthias Endres, Ermakov Sp, Holly E Erskine, Babak Eshrati, Alireza Esteghamati, Saman Fahimi, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Farshad Farzadfar, Derek F J Fay, Valery L. Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Alize J Ferrari, Cleusa P. Ferri, Abraham D Flaxman, Thomas Fleming, Nataliya A Foigt, Kyle J Foreman, Urbano Fra Paleo, Richard C. Franklin, Belinda J. Gabbe, Lynne Gaffikin, Emmanuela Gakidou, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Ron T. Gansevoort, Francisco A García-Guerra, Evariste Gasana, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Bradford D. Gessner, Peter W. Gething, Katherine B. Gibney, Richard F Gillum, Ibrahim Ginawi, Maurice Giroud, Giorgia Giussani, Shifalika Goenka, Ketevan Goginashvili, Héctor Gómez Dantés, Philimon Gona, Teresita González de Cosío, Dinorah González‐Castell, Carolyn Gotay, Atsushi Goto, Hebe Gouda, Richard L. Guerrant, H. C. Gugnani, Francis Guillemin, David Gunnell, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Nima Hafezi‐Nejad, Holly Hagan, María Hagströmer, Yara A. Halasa, Randah R Hamadeh, Mouhanad Hammami, Graeme J. Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L Harb, Tilahun Nigatu Haregu, Josep María Haro, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Mohammad Taghi Hedayati, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Lucía Hernández, Kyle R Heuton, Pouria Heydarpour, Martha Hı́jar, Hans W. Hoek, Howard J. Hoffman, John Hornberger, Hung Chak Ho, Damian G Hoy, Mohamed Hsaïri, Guoqing Hu, Howard Hu, Cheng Huang, John J. Huang, Bryan Hubbell, Laëtitia Huiart, Abdullatif Husseini, Marissa Iannarone, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Bulat Idrisov, Nayu Ikeda, Kaire Innos, Manami Inoue, Farhad Islami, Samaya Ismayilova, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Henrica A. F. M. Jansen, Deborah Jarvis, Simerjot K Jassal, Alejandra Jáuregui, Sudha Jayaraman, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Paul N. Jensen, Vivekanand Jha, Fan Jiang, Guohong Jiang, Ying Jiang, Jost B. Jonas, Knud Juel, Haidong Kan, Sidibe S Kany Roseline, Nadim E Karam, André Karch, Corine Karema, Ganesan Karthikeyan, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Dhruv S Kazi, Andrew H. Kemp, André Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Yousef Khader, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Young‐Ho Khang, Shahab Khatibzadeh, Irma Khonelidze, Christian Kieling, Daniel Kim, Sungroul Kim, Yunjin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Jonas M Kinge, Brett Kissela, Miia Kivipelto, Luke D. Knibbs, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Mehmet Rıfat Köse, Soewarta Kosen, Alexander Kraemer, Michael Kravchenko, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Hans Kromhout, Tiffany Ku, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Burcu Küçük Biçer, Ernst J. Kuipers, Chanda Kulkarni, Veena S. Kulkarni, G Anil Kumar, Gene F. Kwan, Taavi Lai, Arjun Lakshmana Balaji, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Hilton Y. Lam, Qing Lan, Van Charles Lansingh, Heidi J. Larson, Anders Larsson, Dennis Odai Laryea, Pablo M Lavados, Alicia E. B. Lawrynowicz, Janet L Leasher, Jong-Tae Lee, James Leigh, Ricky Leung, Miriam Levi, Li Y, Yongmei Li, Juan Liang, Xiaofeng Liang, Stephen S Lim, M. Patrice Lindsay, Steven E. Lipshultz, Shiwei Liu, Yang Liu, Belinda Lloyd, Giancarlo Logroscino, Stephanie J. London, Nancy López, Joannie Lortet‐Tieulent, Paulo A. Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Raimundas Lunevičius, Jixiang Ma, Stefan Ma, Vasco Machado, Michael F MacIntyre, Carlos Magis‐Rodríguez, Abbas Ali Mahdi, Marek Majdán, Reza Malekzadeh, Srikanth Mangalam, Christopher Chabila Mapoma, Marape Marape, Wagner Marcenes, David J Margolis, Christopher Margono, Guy B. Marks, Randall V. Martin, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Mohammad T Mashal, Felix Masiye, Amanda J. Mason‐Jones, Kunihiro Matsushita, Richard Matzopoulos, Bongani M. Mayosi, Tasara T Mazorodze, Abigail McKay, Martin McKee, Abigail Mclain, Peter A. Meaney, Catalina Medina, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Fabiola Mejía‐Rodríguez, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Michele Meltzer, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, George A. Mensah, Atte Meretoja, Francis Mhimbira, Renata Micha, Ted R. Miller, Edward J Mills, Awoke Misganaw, Santosh Kumar Mishra, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Ali H. Mokdad, Glen Mola, Lorenzo Monasta, Julio C Montañez Hernandez, Marcella Montico, Ami R. Moore, Lídia Morawska, Rintaro Mori, Joanna Moschandreas, Wilkister Nyaora Moturi, Dariush Mozaffarian, Ulrich Müeller, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, Erin C Mullany, Kinnari Murthy, Mohsen Naghavi, Ziad Nahas, Aliya Naheed, Kovin Naidoo, Luigi Naldi, Devina Nand, Vinay Nangia, KM Venkat Narayan, Denis Nash, Bruce Neal, Chakib Nejjari, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Charles R. Newton, Frida Ngalesoni, Jean de Dieu Ngirabega, Grant Nguyen, Nguyễn Thị Trang Nhung, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Muhammad Imran Nisar, José Rocha Nogueira, Joan M. Nolla, Sandra Nolte, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Rosana Norman, Bo Norrving, Luke Nyakarahuka, In‐Hwan Oh, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Saad B Omer, John Nelson Opio, Ricardo Orozco, Rodolfo S Pagcatipunan, Amanda Pain, Jeyaraj Pandian, Carlo Irwin A. Panelo, Christina Papachristou, Eun‐Kee Park, Charles Parry, Scott B. Patten, Vinod K Paul, Boris Pavlin, Neil Pearce, Lilia S Pedraza, Andrea Pedroza-Tobías, Ljiljana Pejin Stokic, Ayfer Pekericli, David M. Pereira, Rogelio Pérez‐Padilla, Fernando Pérez-Ruiz, Norberto Perico, Samuel a L Perry, Aslam Pervaiz, Konrad Pesudovs, Carrie B Peterson, Max Petzold, Michael Phillips, Hwee Pin Phua, Dietrich Plaß, Dan Poenaru, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, Suzanne Polinder, Constance D Pond, C Arden Pope, Daniel Pope, Svetlana Popova, Farshad Pourmalek, John Powles, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Noela M Prasad, Dima M. Qato, Amado D. Quezada‐Sánchez, D. Alex Quistberg, Lionel Racapé, Anwar Rafay, Kazem Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Murugesan Raju, Ivo Rakovac, Mayuree Rao, Homie Razavi, K. Srinath Reddy, Amany Refaat, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Patricia M. Riccio, Lee Richardson, Anne Riederer, Margaret Robinson, Anna Roca, Alina Rodriguez, David Rojas‐Rueda, Isabelle Romieu, Luca Ronfani, Robin Room, Nobhojit Roy, George Mugambage Ruhago, Lesley Rushton, Sabin Nsanzimana, Ralph L. Sacco, Sukanta Saha, Ramesh Sahathevan, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Joshua A. Salomon, Deborah Salvo, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Juan Sanabria, Luz María Sánchez, Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta, Lídia Sànchez-Riera, Logan Sandar, Itamar S Santos, Amir Sapkota, Maheswar Satpathy, James E. Saunders, Monika Sawhney, Mete Şaylan, Peter Scarborough, Jürgen C Schmidt, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Ben Schöttker, David C. Schwebel, James G. Scott, Soraya Seedat, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Berrin Serdar, Edson Serván‐Mori, Gavin Shaddick, Saeid Shahraz, Teresa Shamah Levy, Siyi Shangguan, Jun She, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Kenji Shibuya, Hwashin Hyun Shin, Yukito Shinohara, Rahman Shiri, Kawkab Shishani, Ivy Shiue, Inga D Sigfusdottir, Donald H. Silberberg, Edgar P. Simard, Shireen Sindi, Abhishek Singh, Gitanjali Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Vegard Skirbekk, Karen Sliwa, Michael Soljak, Samir Soneji, Kjetil Søreide, Sergey Soshnikov, Luciano A. Sposato, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Nicolas J C Stapelberg, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Nadine Steckling, Dan J. Stein, Murray B. Stein, Natalie Stephens, Heidi Stöckl, Kurt Straif, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Lela Sturua, Bruno Sunguya, Soumya Swaminathan, Mamta Swaroop, Bryan L. Sykes, Karen M. Tabb, Ken Takahashi, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Nikhil Tandon, David Tanné, Marcel Tanner, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Braden Te Ao, Carolina M Teixeira, Martha María Téllez‐Rojo, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, José Luis Texcalac-Sangrador, Sarah Thackway, Blake Thomson, Andrew Thorne‐Lyman, Amanda G. Thrift, George D. Thurston, Taavi Tillmann, Myriam Tobollik, Marcello Tonelli, Fotis Topouzis, Jeffrey A Towbin, Hideaki Toyoshima, Jefferson Traebert, Bach Xuan Tran, Leonardo Trasande, Matias Trillini, Ulises Trujillo, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, E. Murat Tuzcu, Uche S Uchendu, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Selen Begüm Uzun, Steven van de Vijver, Rita Van Dingenen, Coen H. van Gool, Jim van Os, Yuri Y Varakin, Tommi Vasankari, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Monica S. Vavilala, Lennert Veerman, Gustavo Velásquez-Meléndez, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Lakshmi Vijayakumar, Salvador Villalpando, Francesco Saverio Violante, Vasily Vlassov, Gregory R. Wagner, Stephen G. Waller, Mitchell T. Wallin, Xia Wan, Haidong Wang, JianLi Wang, Wenzhi Wang, Yanping Wang, Tati Suryati Warouw, Charlotte H. Watts, Scott Weichenthal, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G Weintraub, Andrea Werdecker, K. Ryan Wessells, Ronny Westerman, Harvey Whiteford, James D. Wilkinson, Hywel C Williams, Thomas N. Williams, Solomon Woldeyohannes, Charles Wolfe, John Q. Wong, Anthony D. Woolf, Jonathan L. Wright, Brittany Wurtz, Gelin Xu, Lijing L. Yan, Gonghuan Yang, Yuichiro Yano, Pengpeng Ye, Gökalp Kadri Yentür, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok‐Jun Yoon, Mustafa Z Younis, Zourkaleini Younoussi, Chuanhua Yu, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Yong Zhao, Yingfeng Zheng, Maigeng Zhou, Jun Zhu, Shankuan Zhu, Xiaonong Zou, Joseph R. Zunt, Alan D López, Theo Vos, Chris Murray
Bibliographic record
VenueThe Lancet · 2015
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicHealth, Environment, Cognitive Aging
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNational Institute on Deafness and Other Communication DisordersNational Cancer InstituteNational Institute on Minority Health and Health DisparitiesSchool of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIRussian Academy of SciencesJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceNational Health and Medical Research CouncilCollege of Medicine, Seoul National UniversitySchool of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape TownWarren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityUniversity at AlbanyMedical Center, University of RochesterJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthUniversity of California, San FranciscoPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of California, San DiegoCenters for Disease Control and PreventionMedical Research CouncilRobert Koch InstitutUniversidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y AmbientalesRwanda Biomedical CentreDonau-Universität KremsAlfaisal UniversityMinistry of Health of the Russian FederationGillings School of Public HealthLomonosov Moscow State UniversityUniversidade Federal de SergipeMitsubishi Tanabe Pharma CorporationUmweltbundesamtUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaTokyo Women's Medical UniversityEuropean Regional Development FundWashington State UniversityKarolinska InstitutetRegione ToscanaPontificia Universidad JaverianaThe Wellcome Trust DBT India AllianceUnited Arab Emirates UniversityUniversity of GondarNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentSri Ramachandra UniversityUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisOklahoma State UniversityAfrican Population and Health Research CenterUniversity of BalamandNational Research University Higher School of EconomicsRede de Química e TecnologiaStyrelsen för Internationellt UtvecklingssamarbeteArak University of Medical SciencesBall State UniversityAddis Ababa UniversityUniversità degli Studi di SalernoUniversitat de BarcelonaUniversity of HailUniversidade do PortoCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalHospital for Sick ChildrenBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesGöteborgs UniversitetFlinders UniversityUniversität BielefeldFundação Maria Cecilia Souto VidigalUniversidade de São PauloUniversity of New South WalesFoundation for Education and European CultureUniversitetet i OsloShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityTaipei Medical UniversityKorea Health Industry Development InstituteUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaGeneralitat ValencianaNational Taiwan UniversityYork UniversityTehran University of Medical Sciences and Health ServicesUniversiteit StellenboschU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyShiraz University of Medical SciencesFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do SulQatar UniversityINCLIVA Instituto de Investigación SanitariaSchool of Medicine, Wayne State UniversityMadawalabu UniversityKyowa Hakko KirinUniversity of TokyoCollege of Medicine, Koisin UniversityChinese Academy of Medical SciencesGreat Ormond Street Hospital for ChildrenUniversitat de ValènciaFudan UniversityUniversity of CanberraLahore College for Women UniversityLunds UniversitetAalborg UniversitetWellcome TrustKorea UniversitySoonchunhyang UniversityHacettepe ÜniversitesiU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsKosin UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversityAcademy of FinlandUniversity of GhanaKyung Hee UniversityGrand Challenges CanadaCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorUniversity of TorontoImperial College LondonPublic Health EnglandAXA Research FundErasmus Universiteit RotterdamFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloUniversity of CreteCurtin University of TechnologyUniversity of MichiganQueensland University of TechnologyJames Cook UniversityGriffith UniversityInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshMonash UniversityDeakin UniversityUniversität HeidelbergPublic Health AgencyFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaMassey UniversityPublic Health Foundation of IndiaSistema Nacional de InvestigadoresNational Institutes of HealthNational University of SingaporeSouth African Medical Research CouncilWageningen University and ResearchH. Lundbeck A/SArkansas State UniversityUniversity of MissouriInstitute for Health Metrics and EvaluationSwansea UniversityIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCSNational Heart Foundation of AustraliaCarolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUniversity of OxfordCancer Research UKShiraz UniversityHeart and Stroke Foundation of CanadaKing's College LondonUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillEuropean CommissionDalhousie UniversityCedars-Sinai Medical CenterAhmadu Bello UniversityJordan University of Science and TechnologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchNHLBI Division of Intramural ResearchState University of New YorkUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthUniversity of BristolUniversity of SouthamptonSeoul National UniversityUniversity of Massachusetts BostonFred Hollows FoundationNational Science FoundationIran University of Medical SciencesUniversity of CyprusPublic Health Agency of CanadaUniversity of PittsburghAarhus UniversitetTeikyo University School of MedicineConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoQueen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham CharityAnglia Ruskin UniversityTrường Đại học Duy TânOhio State UniversityJohns Hopkins UniversityUnited Nations Population FundInternational Society of NephrologyLa Trobe UniversityUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulCentral South UniversityUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of CanterburyArabian Gulf UniversityHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreNovartisUniversitetet i BergenNova Southeastern UniversityVirginia Commonwealth UniversityUniversity of RochesterMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónMcGill UniversityUniversity of Cape TownSichuan UniversityUniversity of OttawaPfizerSouth Dakota Governor's Office of Economic DevelopmentCyprus University of TechnologyLaboratório Associado para a Química VerdeThomas Jefferson UniversityDeutsches KrebsforschungszentrumBrigham Young UniversityAmerican University of BeirutPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, ChandigarhHelsingin ja Uudenmaan SairaanhoitopiiriSecretaría de SaludUniversity of OtagoAuckland University of Technology, New ZealandUniversity of LouisvilleBrandeis UniversityRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteHelsingin YliopistoChildren’s Hospital of Wisconsin Research InstituteNational Research FoundationKoch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyUniversity of LeicesterGeorge Institute for Global HealthUniversity of PeradeniyaAmarin CorporationNational Center for Child Health and DevelopmentEmory UniversityMazandaran University of Medical SciencesHaramaya UniversityMinistry of Health and Medical EducationWorld Health OrganizationUniversity of PennsylvaniaGeorge Washington UniversityHamad Medical CorporationChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, IndiaYale UniversityBritish Heart FoundationWestern Sydney UniversityBrown UniversitySimmons CollegeUniversiteit UtrechtMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMassachusetts General HospitalInyuvesi Yakwazulu-NataliUniversity of CincinnatiNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteAstraZenecaBill and Melinda Gates FoundationQueen Mary University of LondonWayne State UniversityLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionEgerton UniversityGeorge Mason UniversityServierUniversity of North TexasU.S. Department of Health and Human Services
KeywordsEnvironmental healthRisk assessmentMedicinePopulationRelative riskCohortCohort studyRisk factorAttributable riskDemographyConfidence intervalEconomics
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.005
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.007
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Meta-analysis · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.055
Threshold uncertainty score0.109
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.172
GPT teacher head0.407
Teacher spread0.236 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designMeta-analysis
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations2,747
Published2015
Admission routes1
Has abstractno