Immunohistochemical Study of CD68 and CR3/43 in Astrocytic Gliomas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diffuse and high-grade astrocytomas are invasive neoplasms which grow diffusely into the brain parenchyma. Microglia has been termed the brain's immune system, although its specific role remains uncertain. Objective of this study was to assess in a series of astrocytic neoplasms, the expression of a macrophage marker CD 68 and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II CR3/43. We examined 10 pilocytic astrocytomas, 13 diffuse astrocytomas and 17 anaplastic astrocytomas. For macrophages we used the CD68 monoclonal mouse antibody. For assessing the presence of MHC Class II complexes we used the specific monoclonal antibody CR3/43. CD68-positive mononuclear cells were observed in perivascular and hypoxic areas, within neoplastic tissue, inside and contiguous to vessel wall. CR3/43 positive complexes were detected in mononuclear elongated elements with amoeboid extensions strictly attached to endothelial cells, or contiguous to perinecrotic areas within neoplastic tissue. We suggest an active involvement of macrophage/microglia infiltrates in neovascularization and malignancy in astrocytomas. Macrophage infiltration and major histocompatibility complex class II complexes reactivity in gliomas could also suggest the occurrence of immune surveillance with a preliminary host's immune response. In addition, macrophages could promote angiogenesis mechanisms and induction of tumor growth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".