The 1900 Mw 7.6–8.0 Earthquake Offshore of Kodiak Island, Alaska
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT On 1900-10-09 a large (Mw 7.6–8.0) earthquake occurred in the Gulf of Alaska and strongly shook the port town of Kodiak. Some damage occurred to buildings and the wharf, and dozens of aftershocks were felt over the next several hours and days. Global seismic stations recorded the earthquake from as close as Victoria, western Canada, to as far as Capetown, South Africa. Here we collect an expanded set of felt reports and instrumentally recorded arrival times to estimate an epicentral area centered at (−151.0°, 57.4°), north of the subduction plate boundary, and about 95 km southeast of Kodiak. We propose three possible source regions for the 1900 earthquake: (1) the subduction interface (which hosted the 1964 Mw 9.2 earthquake), (2) subducted oceanic lithosphere, hosting a strike-slip earthquake, or (3) active faults within the accretionary wedge. Lack of evidence of any significant tsunami provides an important constraint for future modeling to discriminate among the three source regions. The earthquake occurrence adds to a complex tectonic setting offshore of Kodiak Island. The incoming deforming Pacific plate meets an actively faulted overlying accretionary wedge, with the subduction interface between the plate and the wedge being capable of Mw>9 earthquakes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".