Creoles of Color, Poetry, and the Periodic Press in Union-Occupied New Orleans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One year into the Civil War, New Orleans fell to Union forces. A few months later, French-speaking Creoles of color published the first edition of L’Union . This chapter considers this as a key transitional moment for French-speaking Creoles of color in New Orleans writing at a time when the city’s old racial order of white, free, and enslaved was in transition. The Creole-of-color poetry L’Union published was positioned not only alongside news items but also with an excerpt of the US Constitution, translated into French, and a reprint of a letter Victor Hugo wrote to Haiti referencing John Brown. By returning to consider that literary production in the space of the newspaper, rather than as it is encountered now in anthologies, we can learn much more about the “hybrid spaces” these writers negotiated with “a multiplicity of voices and discursive strategies.” Returning to this publication history, when highly literate Creoles of color long shut out of publishing opportunities embarked on their own in L’Union and its successor the Tribune , also returns us to the ignored history of Creole identity and activism behind such central events as Homer Plessy’s challenge to the legality of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".