Marine Electromagnetic Imaging and Volumetric Estimation of Freshwater Plumes Offshore Hawai'i
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important phenomenon that governs hydrological cycles at the land‐to‐ocean transition zone. SGD manifests as cold and buoyant freshwaters influx from the seafloor to the water column that contains carbon, nutrients, metals, and greenhouse gases, altering coastal areas' oceanographical and biochemical properties. Here, we present electromagnetic imaging of large‐scale freshwater plumes in high‐resolution, offshore west Hawai'i. Electrical resistivity models detect multiple vertical freshwater plumes extending from the seafloor to the ocean surface. Additionally, our models image extensive spatially distributed surface freshwater. The resistivity of these plumes and surface freshwater ranges from ∼1 to 30 Ωm. Resistivity‐to‐salinity calculation indicates a plume‐scale salinity range of ∼0.3–9.9, containing up to 87% of freshwater. Our results imply that substantial volumes of freshwater occupy water column plumes in Hawai'i. This study offers a new and effective method to elucidate hydrogeologic and ocean processes affecting biogeochemical cycles in coastal waters worldwide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".