Techno-Economical Optimization of PV/Wind/Fuel Cell Hybrid System in Adrar Region (Algeria)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In these present days, the electricity consumption of buildings represents 43% of the total energy produced by fossil fuels in Algeria.This issue could be greatly reduced by using renewable energy to generate the required electricity.However, a bigger challenge facing electricity coming from renewable energy systems are the irregular existence of these sources, as well as the issues of storage and transport.In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a model of an efficient hybrid system consisting of photovoltaic panels (PV), wind turbines (WT) and fuel cell (FC) elements which will be able to meet the demand for a typical off-grid house located in the Adrar region (Algeria) in a sustainable way.The mathematical model used considers the sub-models of each component of this hybrid system, the reliability criteria.Afterward, the optimal configuration is determined on the basis of the minimum total annual cost TAC.The results of the optimization suggest that, relative to hybrid PV/FC or WT/FC, a PV /WT/FC configuration is more economically feasible for the Adrar site (Algeria).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".