UMA GEOGRAFIA POLÍTICA DO OURO: SOBRE FRONTEIRA, GARIMPEIROS E DESPOSSESSÃO NA VOLTA GRANDE DO XINGU
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nas últimas duas décadas, poucas obras no Brasil deram margem a controvérsias e especulações tanto quanto a construção da Usina Hidroelétrica (UHE) Belo Monte, na Volta Grande do rio Xingu, estado do Pará. Atualmente, dois anos após o enchimento total dos reservatórios e do início da operação comercial da UHE, a população do Médio Xingu, particularmente aquela que se encontra no trecho de vazão reduzida da Volta Grande, continua sobre forte ameaça frente ao projeto de mineração de ouro em escala industrial. Valendo-se da vazão reduzida do rio, em decorrência da construção das barragens e de um garimpo de ouro em operação desde a década de 1940, uma mineradora canadense pretende exaurir, em pouco mais de uma década, a jazida de ouro que sustenta diversas famílias agroextrativistas há três gerações. Diante desta complexidade, o presente artigo discute, a partir de um olhar da geografia política, os aspectos relacionados à busca incessante de recursos materiais na Amazônia e seus desdobramentos em termos de despossessão e das disputas territoriais.Palavras-chave: Volta Grande do Xingu; mineração de ouro; fronteira; despossessão; território. A POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF GOLD: ON THE FRONTIER, MINERS AND DISPOSSESSION ON THE VOLTA GRANDE DO XINGU Abstract: In the last two decades, few projects in Brazil have been so controversial and have generated as much speculation as the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant (HPP), on Xingu River in Volta Grande region, state of Pará. Four years after the total filling of the reservoirs and the beginning of the commercial operation of Belo Monte, the population living in Middle Xingu, particularly those located in the reduced water flow areas of Volta Grande region, continue to be affected by a major gold mining project. Taking advantage of the reduced river flow caused by the construction of the dams and gold mining operations since 1940s, a Canadian mining company is now intending to deplete the local gold reserves - that have sustained three generations of local families - in just over a decade. Considering this complexity, this paper departs from the perspectives of the movements of the capitalist frontier, to discuss the aspects related to the incessant search for material resources in the Amazon and its unfolding consequences in terms of dispossession and territorial disputes.Keywords: Volta Grande do Xingu; gold mining; frontier; dispossession; territory. UNA GEOGRAFÍA POLÍTICA DEL ORO: SOBRE FRONTERA, MINEROS Y DESPOSESIÓN Y EN LA VOLTA GRANDE DO XINGU Resumen: El concepto de territorio ha sufrido importantes transformaciones, requeridas tanto por las prácticas de su uso como por los cambios en las dinámicas del poder, especialmente en relación a los límites a los que se ven sometidas las relaciones sociales de poder debido a los cambios ambientales y las llamadas fuerzas de la naturaleza. Así como ya no se puede hablar de territorio sin hablar de sus bases "naturales", no se puede hablar de "poder" sin su profunda conjugación con las "fuerzas" de la naturaleza. Muchas personas que viven esta inseparabilidad enfrentan el terricidio, ya que la existencia de sus culturas depende de la interacción con un territorio específico que está siendo amenazado. La dimensión material, corpórea y/o “natural” del territorio es cada vez más importante, vista en la múltiple riqueza - la multiterritorialidad - de sus manifestaciones, involucrando el espacio de todos los seres vivos.Palabras clave: territorio, corporificación, naturaleza, terricidio, multiterritorialidad
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".