Hiram Powers's America: Shackles, Slaves, and the Racial Limits of Nineteenth-Century National Identity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The allegorical theme of the four continents has functioned for centuries as a visual representation of a world conveniently compartmentalized into racialized geographical categories. The western cultural tradition of the four continents provides an important site for the reading of colonial ideals of race~~~what differ- ences were understood to separate Europeans from other peoples and the process through which these racial differences were signified and visualized. Although, most obviously, the allegorical tradition of the four continents reflects western ideals of a feminized nature and geographical space, art works in the tradition also reveal the continents as a thematic tool for the representation of colonial ideals of race. The confluence of race and geography is critical, since, within colonial discourse, differences~~~and indeed the presumed racial inferiority~~~of colonized populations was often explained as a by-product of the peculiar climatic and natural differences among the colonized regions they inhabited. The allegorical tradition of the four continents was a cultural conflation of the colonial idea of race and racial difference as a product of geographical location.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".