On the co- existence of conventional and Islamic banks: do these banks differ in business structure?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Islamic and conventional banking institutions co-exist in many Muslim countries as well as in few western states. In some jurisdictions, the share of Islamic banking and finance (IBF) is substantial while in others it is still at nascent stages. However, the growth of IBF suggests bright future prospects in the industry, especially owing to its relatively better performance in the recent financial crisis. The superior growth of IBF raises important questions about the business structure of Islamic banks and how it is different from that of conventional commercial banks. Renewed interest has emerged about the principles of IBF itself. Various empirical studies have been conducted at the individual and institutional level, especially by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, on Islamic banking with respect to its diffusion, efficiency, performance and stability. We hope to contribute to this emerging body of literature through this empirical study by applying bank-time fixed effects that compares the Islamic and conventional banking within the same bank and a specific year-quarter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".