Characterization of Sensitive Marine Clays by Using Cone and Ball Penetrometers: Example of Clays in Eastern Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soundings made by using the standard penetration test in sensitive marine clay in Ottawa (Canada) have been problematic. Negative readings have been recorded. The incorrect estimation of the engineering characteristics of Ottawa clays has been noted. The effect of temperature on the penetrometer load cell output is suspected as the reason for the negative drift in soundings and erroneous estimations of engineering characteristics. Also, focused research is needed to verify existing correlations and empirical factors between the cone penetration test and engi- neering characteristics of Ottawa clays. These are the reasons for carrying out this research work. Tem- perature effects have become a significant factor in countries with radical temperature changes, such as Canada. Three types of penetrometer tips have been used at the Canadian Geotechnical Research Site No. 1. The tips used are a 36 mm cone, 40 mm ball, and 113 mm ball. Nilcon field vane testing has also been carried out in the site to determine the undrained shear strength and sensitivity (the ratio of the initial undrained shear strength to the remolded undrained shear strength) from the penetrometer soundings. Undisturbed samples are collected to obtain the engineering characteristics by laboratory testing. Laboratory testing on penetrometer equipment is performed to verify the effects of temperature on the soundings. It is found that temperature changes affect the penetrometer soundings. Temperature effects can cause drifting as indicated by negative tip stress or sleeve friction in soft or low resistance clays. There- fore, temperature effects may increase the errors in the estimation of the engineering characteristics of Ottawa clays. It has also been found that correlations may or may not apply well to Ottawa sensitive marine clay. Temperature corrections could be applied to the penetrometer soundings. From this research, correla- tions and empirical factors between penetrometers and engineering characteristics are verified for Ottawa sensitive marine clays.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".