Interfacial Bonding and Mechanical Properties of Al/Mg Dissimilar Refill Friction Stir Spot Welds Using a Grooved Tool
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Al/Mg dissimilar welds were successfully fabricated by refill friction stir spot welding using a grooved sleeve tool. Influences of sleeve penetration depth and rotational speed on the weld formation and mechanical performance were systematically evaluated in terms of welding parameter optimization, interfacial bonding mechanism, hardness distribution and welded joint strength. The results indicated that the success of joining Al alloy to Mg alloy significantly depends on tool sleeve penetration depth. The interfacial bonding mechanism compromised both metallurgical bonding and mechanical inter-locking. Intermetallic compound layers of Al3Mg2 and Al12Mg17 were formed at the Al/Mg interface. The thickness of the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer at the weld center increased from 20–30 μm to 40 μm when the rotational speed increased from 1000 to 2000 rpm. The minimum hardness was 80 HV in Al 7075 and 52 HV in ZEK 100; both were measured in the heat affected zone. The welded joint lap shear strength decreased, and the scatter increased with the increasing of rotation speed, whose maximum was 3.6 kN when the rotational speed was 1000 rpm. In addition, the failure mechanism was determined by tool rotational speed, and found to be interfacial failure under a rotational speed of 1000 rpm and nugget pullout under a rotational speed of 2000 rpm.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it