Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure Evolution of X38CrMoV5-1 Hot-Work Tool Steel Produced by L-PBF
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The X38CrMoV5-1 hot-work tool steel produced by laser powder bed fusion was investigated to assess the effect of quenching and tempering and direct tempering on the as-built microstructure. After the printing process, the material microstructure appeared to be characterized by a fine cellular network consisting of γ -Fe cell boundaries and α ′-Fe cores. Scheil–Gulliver curves, X-ray diffraction patterns, and transmission electron microscopy images suggested a transformation of the inner core zone from δ -Fe to α ′-Fe through γ -Fe. Air quenching promoted the transition of the solidification structure into a fully martensitic microstructure. Both as-built and quenched samples revealed the presence of manganese oxides and vanadium carbonitrides forming core-shell structures. After tempering, starting from as-built and from quenched condition, a dispersion of nano-sized V and Cr-rich second phases was formed in the microstructure, achieving hardness values comparable to those obtained by the same alloy produced by conventional methods. The specimen tempered directly after the laser powder bed fusion process showed a hardness peak shifted towards higher temperatures compared to the conventionally tempered sample.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".