Differential Treatment Effects of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine on Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on improving executive functions among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: This was an open-label, head-to-head, 3-month, randomized clinical trial with two-arm parallel-treatment groups: osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH; n = 79) and atomoxetine once daily ( n = 78). Three major domains of executive functions were assessed, including response selection/inhibition, flexibility, and planning/working memory. The neuropsychological measures included the Conners' continuous performance test and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Results: We found that both treatment groups showed improvement in executive functions ( p -value <0.05 for the major indices of each domain). In addition, OROS-MPH was associated with a greater magnitude of improvement in the response selection/inhibition; the slope for detectability improvement in the Conners' continuous performance test was 0.06 for atomoxetine and 0.15 for OROS-MPH ( p -value <0.01); the slope in rapid visual information processing was 2.22 for atomoxetine and 3.45 for OROS-MPH ( p -value <0.05). Conclusion: Both OROS-MPH and atomoxetine improved various domains of executive functions in children with ADHD. There is greater improvement in response selection/inhibition among patients treated with OROS-MPH than those with atomoxetine. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT00916786).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".