21. A Stylistic, Spatial and Cultural Assessment of the Bovid Petroglyphs from Humayma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the summer of 2014, more than 150 petroglyphs were discovered in the sandstone ridges west of the ancient town Hawara (modern day al-Humayma). The site, located in southern Jordan’s Hisma desert, boasts a diverse occupational history spanning from the Neolithic period to the present and representing many diverse cultural groups. The petroglyphs discovered west of the site depict various imagery, including animals, humans, and footprints. Among the animals, various representations of bovids were discovered, including ibex, gazelle and oryx. This study analyzed the bovid petroglyphs, focusing on their spatial relationships with one another and the environment, as well as the various stylistic depictions observed and potential genus identifications. A cultural assessment was also completed to examine the animals’ role through time, and other petroglyph representations discovered in the region were examined to pursue potential meanings for the newly discovered bovid petroglyphs. The petroglyphs depicted different artistic styles and could be sorted into categories based on artistic design and themes. The themes included solitary animals, interacting animals, predator/prey relationships and human hunting. The occurrence of the categories was analyzed across three study areas and in relation to the environment allowing potential explanations for their meanings to be proposed, each linked to the cultural groups that theoretically produced these petroglyphs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".