The aquaculture of Acipenseriformes. Part 6. Northern and South America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The history and contemporary state of global aquaculture of sturgeons and paddlefish are reviewed. The paddlefish Polyodon spathula became first object of cultivation of Acipenseriformes in USA. The paddlefish has high rate of growth in ponds using natural feeds, mature females can produce about 15% of their body weight in roe similar to eggs of star sturgeon Acipenser stellatus. Some liabilities include juveniles vulnerable to bird predation, poor tolerance to high densities, low oxygen and handling stress, waiting period of at least 7 years before females produce eggs. The paddlefish farming is carried out mainly in Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri and Alabama in polyculture with canal catfish Ictalurus punctatus or freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The most important object of North-American sturgeon breeding is white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, the biggest and fast-growing species of Acipenser genera. The largest commercial sturgeon farms are located in California, Idaho and Florida. A research program on biotechnology of white sturgeon farming has been initiated by the University of California at Davis in December 1979. The first successful artificial propagation of white sturgeon from Sacramento River was carried out in 1980, the first hatchery females matured in 1994. The hatchery progeny of Snake River white sturgeon was received in 1988, the first females matured in 2000. The first caviar was processed only after maturation of second generation. In Florida and North Carolina farmers used for cultivation small number of Russian sturgeon A. gueldenstaedti, Siberian sturgeon A. baeri, sterlet A. ruthenus, beluga Huso huso and star sturgeon A. stellatus. The total annual volume of sturgeon farming in USA was equal to 1285 tons (1166 MT). In Canada the only object of sturgeon farming is white sturgeon with annual production near 2 tons of caviar. In South America Uruguay has developed sturgeon culture with one large farm created in 1994 using help of Russian specialists.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".