Microfluidic-like Fabrication of a Vanadium-Cured Bioadhesive by Mussels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To anchor in seashore habitats, mussels fabricate adhesive byssus fibers mechanically reinforced by protein-metal coordination mediated via 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) – providing a well-established role model for bio-inspired design of smart metallopolymers and underwater glues. However, currently, the mechanism by which metal ions are integrated as cross-links during byssus formation is completely unknown. Here, we investigated the byssus formation process, combining traditional and advanced methods to identify how and when metals are incorporated into the material. We discovered that mussels concentrate and store iron and vanadium ions in intracellular metal storage particles (MSPs) complexed with previously unknown catechol-based storage molecules. During thread formation, stockpiled secretory vesicles containing concentrated fluid proteins are mixed with MSPs within a complex microfluidic-like network of interconnected channels where they coalesce forming protein-metal bonds within the nascent byssus. These insights are important for bio-inspired materials design, but also from a biological and chemical perspective – the active accumulation and utilization of vanadium is extremely rare in nature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".