Acyl-CoA desaturase ADS4.2 is involved in the formation of characteristic wax alkenes in young Arabidopsis leaves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monounsaturated alkenes are present in the cuticular waxes of diverse plants and are thought to play important roles in their interactions with abiotic and biotic factors. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf wax has been reported to contain alkenes; however, their biosynthesis has not been investigated to date. Here, we found that these alkenes have mainly ω-7 and ω-9 double bonds in characteristically long hydrocarbon chains ranging from C33 to C37. A screening of desaturase-deficient mutants showed that a single desaturase belonging to the acyl-CoA desaturase (ADS) family, previously reported as ADS4.2, was responsible for introducing double bonds en route to the wax alkenes. ADS4.2 was highly expressed in young leaves, especially in trichomes, where the alkenes are known to accumulate. The enzyme showed strong activity on acyl substrates longer than C32 and ω-7 product regio-specificity when expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Its endoplasmic reticulum localization further confirmed that ADS4.2 has access to very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA substrates. The upstream biosynthesis pathways providing substrates to ADS4.2 and the downstream reactions forming the alkene products in Arabidopsis were further clarified by alkene analysis of mutants deficient in other wax biosynthesis genes. Overall, our results show that Arabidopsis produces wax alkenes through a unique elongation-desaturation pathway, which requires the participation of ADS4.2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".