Photogrammetric Stereoplotting of the Theodosian Palace at the Ancient Site of Stobi, Republic of Macedonia: Reviving a 20th Century Technique for the 21st Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The so called “Theodosian Palace” at the site of Stobi in the Republic of Macedonia was built in the 4th century AD and was thought to have been the temporary residence of the Roman emperor Theodosius I when he visited the city in 388 AD. This large structure was richly decorated with coloured marbles and mosaics, many of which have been restored over the years. Unfortunately, the walls that were consolidated prior to 2013 are now suffering serious deterioration and a proposal for this work is now being put together. As a necessary component of this proposal, stone-by-stone top-plans and elevation drawings are crucial to map the current state of these walls. Manual drawings using tape measures, plumb bobs and graph paper is immensely time consuming for such a large structure. As an alternative to these methods, we have employed Photogrammetric Stereoplotting to produce an accurate map of the Theodosian Palace. Using hundreds of overlapping photos taken of the walls with ground control points surveyed by a total station, highly accurate (<1cm) 3D data was generated using photogrammetric techniques. Individual stereo-models were then mapped in ADAMTech 3DM Analyst. Stereoplotting offers a faster and cost effective solution than manually mapping on site. By using hardware developed for the videogame industry -- active LCD glasses and high refresh-rate monitors -- mapping in 3D allows us to identify the shape and depth of the rocks and structures more accurately and intuitively than on a two-dimensional orthophoto. Once stereoplotted, the drawings are then inputted into AutoCAD Map 3D.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".