Structural performance of a medium-span RC three-sided culvert based on field measurements and numerical analyses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The structural performance and soil–structure interaction mechanism of a 7.3 m span, reinforced concrete (RC), three-sided culvert (TSC) with flat top slab are investigated through field monitoring and numerical analyses. The culvert was instrumented with six pressure cells and 14 strain gauges. Data were collected during and after construction. Two-dimensional finite element models were validated against the field measurements. The validated numerical models were then employed to evaluate the effects of the foundation soil condition (yielding or non-yielding) on the applied earth pressures along the culvert profile and the induced straining actions at the base of the culvert’s sidewall. Moreover, the structural performance of TSCs at the ultimate loading condition has been evaluated from the numerical model. The results indicate that for TSC supported on yielding foundation soil, significant bending moment develops at the sidewall base and that the assumption of hinged connection at the base is only realistic for the case of TSCs supported on rock (non-yielding foundation). In addition, the precast unit width was found to have minimal influence on the failure mechanism and the ductility of the precast unit. Finally, failure may occur at a lower backfill height for the non-yielding foundation case relative to the yielding foundation case.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".