Bibliographic record
Abstract
There has been debate between A-theorists and B-theorists concerning the nature of time. The A-theory presents time as moving itself and that every moment passes from past, to present, and then to future. In short, in A-theory, time itself passes. The B-theory, on the other hand, says that all moments are equally present and that there is only past and future. In the B-theory of time, time itself doesn’t move, but according to the B-theorist, there is plenty of change within time. Looking at the famous Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Samuel Clarke (Isaac Newton’s representative) debate, Correspondence, this paper addresses the opinions surrounding space, time, and change. If Leibniz is correct in proposing that space is what occurs between objects – thus defending the relational theory of space called relationism – then it can be assumed that change is essential to time. In the end, it can be assumed that if there were to be no objects left in the universe, space would no longer exist. If space or objects did not exist, then there would be no change. Conclusively, if there were no change, time would cease to exist.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.038 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.017 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".