Attenuation of Seismic Waves in Partially Saturated Berea Sandstone as a Function of Frequency and Confining Pressure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Frequency-dependent attenuation (1/Q) should be used as a seismic attribute to improve the accuracy of seismic methods and imaging of the subsurface. In rocks, 1/Q is highly sensitive to the presence of saturating fluids. Thus, 1/Q could be crucial to monitor volcanic and hydrothermal domains and to explore hydrocarbon and water reservoirs. The experimental determination of seismic and teleseismic attenuation (i.e., for frequencies < 100 Hz) is challenging, and as a consequence, 1/Q is still uncertain for a broad range of lithologies and experimental conditions. Moreover, the physics of elastic energy absorption (i.e., 1/Q) is often poorly constrained and understood. Here, we provide a series of measurements of seismic wave attenuation and dynamic Young’s modulus for dry and partially saturated Berea sandstone in the 1–100 Hz bandwidth and for confining pressure ranging between 0 and 20 MPa. We present systematic relationships between the frequency-dependent 1/Q and the liquid saturation, and the confining pressure. Data in the seismic bandwidth are compared to phenomenological models, ultrasonic elastic properties and theoretical models for wave-induced-fluid-flow (i.e., squirt-flow and patchy-saturation). The analysis suggests that the observed frequency-dependent attenuation is caused by wave-induced-fluid-flow but also that the physics behind this attenuation mechanism is not yet fully determined. We also show, that as predicted by wave-induced-fluid-flow theories, attenuation is strongly dependent on confining pressure. Our results can help to interpret data for near-surface geophysics to improve the imaging of the subsurface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".