Prevalence and Risk Factors for Double Vision in Parkinson Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Some patients with Parkinson Disease (PD) report double vision, but its prevalence and determinants are unknown. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for diplopia in PD. METHODS: Using data from 26,790 PD patients and 9257 controls in the Fox Insight Study, we compared the prevalence of diplopia using the Non-Movement Symptom Questionnaire. Associations with age, race, gender, disease duration, and scores on MDS-UPDRS part II, and Penn Parkinson's Daily Activity Questionnaire were assessed with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: < 0.001) at baseline, and 28.2% of all PD patients reported diplopia at least once during the study (period prevalence). PD patients with diplopia were more likely to be older, non-white, have greater disease duration, and report greater motor, non-motor, and daily activity limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Diplopia is common and associates with motor and non-motor severity in PD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".