Bibliographic record
Abstract
ntroduction: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most frequent spinal deformation. It is assessed by frequent x-ray imaging, exposing patients to frequent radiation, increasing the risk of cancer. Tracked ultrasound imaging produce a three-dimensional visual of the spine without risk. We proposed using an optically tracked handheld USB Interson ultrasound probe, which is much less expensive than the current standard ultrasounds. Methods: A practical setup was developed for scoliosis monitoring. Reference markers were on the patient’s shoulder and the wall to account for patient motion, and simulate the plane of the x-ray detector to allow future comparisons. The optical tracker tracked the markers and ultrasound probe. This was compared to the electromagnetically tracked non-portable Ultrasonix ultrasound. Scanning captured the thoracic and lumbar regions. A three-dimensional image was composited by stacking a series of two-dimensional ultrasound slices in their tracked physical positions. To compare the two-ultrasound setups and ensure the ease of identification, a novice attempted to manually identify transverse processes. These were compared to see if all transverse processes scanned could be marked from both ultrasound setups. Two clinical experts then confirmed the markings were anatomically correct. Results and Conclusions: In all scans 100% of the transverse processes scanned (n = 51) were identified in Interson and Ultrasonix images. Curvatures measured using the Ultrasonix method have been previously validated to curvature measurements from x-ray images. Thus the 100% correspondence of the Interson and Ultrasonix setups indicates this inexpensive method is a promising tool to reduce radiation exposure during scoliosis monitoring.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".