Capturing both carrier and disperse phases in dense suspensions using harmonic ultrasound imaging velocimetry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, a new ultrasound-based method for measuring both carrier-fluid and suspended-particle (disperse phase) motion is introduced. The method can extract flow quantities, such as slip velocity, from statistical information obtained in dense two-phase flows. The carrier fluid velocity is measured by leveraging the non-reflective properties of nearly-linear materials at harmonic frequencies to filter out the suspended particles. In contrast, the disperse phase velocity is measured using the ultrasound’s fundamental imaging mode and the slight impedance mismatch between the suspended particles and fluid. As a result, the carrier phase can be captured without cross-talk from the disperse phase. Finally, it is shown that the proposed technique allows for the measurement of suspension dynamics in vortex rings with high volume fractions on the order of 40%. Here, the proposed method is tested in dense suspensions, made from super-absorbent polymer beads with nearly-linear material properties mixed in deionized water, with volume fractions ranging from 20% to 40%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".