Does sodium oxybate inhibit brain dopamine release in humans? An exploratory neuroimaging study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To establish in an exploratory neuroimaging study whether γ-hydroxybutyrate (sodium oxybate [SO]), a sedative, anti-narcoleptic drug with abuse potential, transiently inhibits striatal dopamine release in the human. METHODS: Ten healthy participants (30 years; 6M, 4F) and one participant with narcolepsy received a baseline positron emission tomography scan of [C-11]raclopride, a D2/3 dopamine receptor radioligand sensitive to dopamine occupancy, followed approximately one week later by an oral sedative 3g dose of SO and two [C-11]raclopride scans (1 h, 7 h post SO). Plasma SO levels and drowsiness duration were assessed. RESULTS: No significant changes were detected in [C-11]raclopride binding in striatum overall 1 or 7 h after SO, but a small non-significant increase in [C-11]raclopride binding, implying decreased dopamine occupancy, was noted in limbic striatal subdivision at one hour (+6.5%; p uncorrected = 0.045; +13.2%, narcolepsy participant), returning to baseline at 7 h. A positive correlation was observed between drowsiness duration and percent change in [C-11]raclopride binding in limbic striatum (r = 0.73; p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: We did not find evidence in this sample of human subjects of a robust striatal dopamine change, as was reported in non-human primates. Our preliminary data, requiring extension, suggest that a 3g sedative SO dose might cause slight transient inhibition of dopamine release in limbic striatum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".