The 1860 magnitude 6.1 Charlevoix, Quebec, earthquake: macroseismic information and interpretation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Moment Magnitude (M) 6.1 Charlevoix earthquake occurred on October 17, 1860, at around 6:15 am local time. The epicentre was located in the Charlevoix Seismic Zone (CSZ), probably in the surroundings of the towns of La Malbaie, Baie-St-Paul and Rivière-Ouelle. The main shock was felt from New Brunswick to the east to Southern Ontario to the west and as far south as New Jersey, more than 800 km from the epicentre. Newspapers in Quebec City reported the damage caused by this earthquake in the regions of Charlevoix and Kamouraska, Quebec. There, damage was reported to many houses, and the intensity was greatest in the communities of Rivière-Ouelle, (south shore of the St. Lawrence River) and La Malbaie (north shore). Some damage to masonry was also reported in Quebec City, about 110 km from the epicentre. The Moment Magnitude is approximated to be 6.1 from a direct conversion from the assumed Local Magnitude (ML) 6.0. Based on the impact of other Charlevoix earthquakes, the region affected by the 1860 event is in general agreement with this magnitude. This Open File Report presents the macroseismic information and its ratings on the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale for a total of 91 locations in Canada (69) and the United States (22). For each locality, the felt information is rated on the MMI scale and tabulated in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The original text of many of the newspaper accounts was copied and when possible, images of the newspaper clipping are added. The Open File also provides a GoogleEarth kmz file that allows the felt information reports to be viewed in a spatial tool.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.031 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".