Clustering and Automatic Labelling Within Time Series of Categorical Observations—With an Application to Marine Log Messages
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract System logs or log files containing textual messages with associated time stamps are generated by many technologies and systems. The clustering technique proposed in this paper provides a tool to discover and identify patterns or macrolevel events in this data. The motivating application is logs generated by frequency converters in the propulsion system on a ship, while the general setting is fault identification and classification in complex industrial systems. The paper introduces an offline approach for dividing a time series of log messages into a series of discrete segments of random lengths. These segments are clustered into a limited set of states. A state is assumed to correspond to a specific operation or condition of the system, and can be a fault mode or a normal operation. Each of the states can be associated with a specific, limited set of messages, where messages appear in a random or semi-structured order within the segments. These structures are in general not defined a priori. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model where the states are characterised both by the temporal frequency and the type of messages within each segment. An algorithm for inference based on reversible jump MCMC is proposed. The performance of the method is assessed by both simulations and operational data.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it