Special Section Guest Editorial: Recent Advances in Lens Design and Optical Engineering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over nearly four decades, we have seen an increase in the impact of optical technologies in our daily lives.This remarkable progress is due to major development in optical science and engineering.Optical engineering is a fascinating activity, ranging from operational instruments to lens design and modeling with the help of immensely powerful design software.Beyond optical design, the optical engineer is concerned with the fabrication of components, assembly and alignment techniques, metrology and calibration, as well as the interaction with other engineering disciplines such as mechanical, thermal, electronic, and software.This special section offers the most recent results of the multi-faceted discipline that is lens design and optical engineering, and the multi-talented individuals that dedicate themselves to this field.The lens designer and the optical engineer, often the same person, will find this special section a place to stay abreast of the frontiers of this constantly evolving field.Overall, the special section consists of a dozen papers that cover various aspects of optical engineering, from zoom lenses to optomechanics.Two papers deal with the constantly evolving field of zoom lenses.They show how optical modeling, fabrication, and mechanical design have, in their own specific ways, furthered the methods of designing these systems as well as continued to expand their performance capabilities and therefore applications.Another paper highlights some advances made in passively aligning lenses.These new methods can open up new design-space possibilities and tradeoffs for the optical designer to take advantage of.Three papers contribute to the field of Fourier optics and optical systems theory in a broader sense.One contribution is dedicated to extended depth-of-field imaging using diffractive optical elements with special consideration to achromatic behavior.Another one in the field of computational imaging solves the problem of overcoming limited sampling rates by application of a workpiece rotating technique for the in situ measurement of micro-structured surfaces, leading to extraction of accurate depth information for such structures.A third paper explores the field of digital holographic microscopy, introducing an improved adaptive spatial filter method for extraction and interpretation of parts of the hologram spectrum.In the paper titled "Analytic equations to design optical systems with three stigmatic pairs in the meridional plane," authors Rafael Guillermo González-Acuña, Héctor A. Chaparro-Romo, and Julio C. Gutiérrez-Vega present closed-form analytical expressions to design lens systems comprising an arbitrary number of refractive lenses that are sigmatic axially and for two symmetric off-axis points.Actually, since this is a rotationally symmetric optical system, it arguably should be thought of as axially sigmatic and a stigmatic ring of object points having a constant radius.The authors provide an illustrative example of their method.The elegance of their method is that it is based fundamentally on Snell's law and Fermat's principle, which exclude any optimization or numerical approximation.Now that free-form surfaces are practical to fabricate, it will be interesting to see how expansively the authors can further develop closed-form analytical expressions to design more complex lens systems.An interesting discussion of the linear astigmatism aberration is presented by José M. Sasián and Weichuan Gao in their paper titled "Characteristics and control of linear astigmatism aberration in a nonaxially symmetric optical system," which offers a perceptive approach to
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".