Electrochemical Performance and Elevated Temperature Properties of the TiO<sub>2</sub>-Coated Li[Ni<sub>0.8</sub>Co<sub>0.1</sub>Mn<sub>0.1</sub>]O<sub>2</sub> Cathode Material for High-Safety Li-Ion Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nowadays, the LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) cathode material has attracted great research interest due to its high energy density and less usage of costly raw materials. However, the high nickel content of NCM811 brings about an extremely unstable interface between the electrode and electrolyte and therefore inferior cyclic stability. Herein, we have proposed a straightforward method to deliver 1, 2, and 4 wt % of TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of the NCM811 cathode material and to improve its properties at room and high temperatures. Based on scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations, the coating thickness varies from 10 to 35 nm and the 2 wt % TiO 2 -coated cathode is provided with uniformly distributed NPs that could result in an improved structural stability and electrochemical performance. In detail, at 25 and 55 °C and 1 C, the 2 wt % TiO 2 -coated cathode shows capacity retentions of 90.0 and 80.5% after 100 cycles, higher than those of pristine and coated cathodes. Under a high current rate of 10 C at 25 and 55 °C, the discharge capacities of the 2 wt % TiO 2 -coated cathode were 135.9 and 141.4 mA h g –1, which are significantly higher than those of the pristine cathode material (128.3 and 89.1 mA h g –1 ). Results of the dissolution test at 55 °C reflect the effectiveness of the TiO 2 coating in maintaining the structural integrity of the cathode material and protecting it from HF attack and deleterious side reactions. Also, the differential scanning calorimetry result proves the enhanced safety after surface modification; the TiO 2 coating shifts the exothermic peak of the electrode from 231.1 to 242.9 °C. Therefore, surface modification with TiO 2 NPs can be proposed as a practical and cost-effective method for the commercial application of the high energy density NCM811 cathode at room and high temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".