Stratigraphy and Volumes of the Units Within the Massive Carbon Dioxide Ice Deposits of Mars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The south polar layered deposits of Mars contain a massive CO 2 ice reservoir formed during periods of low planetary obliquity and partial atmospheric collapse. Within the reservoir are bounding layers (BLs) that are believed to consist entirely of water ice and modify CO 2 ice stability during periods of higher obliquity and insolation. Here we use three‐dimensional data from the Shallow Radar instrument to extend and update past mapping efforts of the reservoir in order to evaluate its internal structure and mass distribution. By mapping the entirety of each BL as two distinct reflectors, we provide individual volumetric calculations of the multiple CO 2 units for the first time (146, 1,472, and 5,493 km 3 ) and discover a new, smaller unit (12 km 3 ). Our volumetric measurements provide critical parameters to understanding past climatic states and climatological modeling, including the magnitude of atmospheric collapse and rebound over three separate events. We also provide updated thickness and areal extent measurements of BL1 (31 ± 5 m, 1,001 km 2 ), BL2 (32 ± 9 m, 5,415 km 2 ) and BL2+3 (42 ± 12 m, 4,232 km 2 ), with maximum thickness of ∼80 m. By mapping the entirety of the BLs, we find novel radar observations, attainable only in 3D, which support previous interpretations that both BL are composed of water ice. Our novel measurements will support climatological studies of Mars’ atmosphere in the past 500 kyr.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".