Ion Chromatographic Analysis of Swimming Pool Water Disinfected by Ozone and Sodium Hypochlorite
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection was used to analyze water samples of swimming pools in Hong Kong which were disinfected by sodium hypochlorite treatment as well as ozone with residual chlorination treatment. The concentrations of the following inorganic anions and disinfection byproducts: fluoride, bromate, hypochlorite, chloride, nitrite, chlorate, nitrate, orthophosphate and sulfate were reported.The levels of fluoride, hypochlorite, nitrite, nitrate and sulfate were within ranges recommended for drinking water. Bromate was found in the ozonated pool, but not in the chlorinated pool. Although regulation of its concentration is not required in swimming pools, it is needed in drinking water treated by ozonation. Its high level in the ozonated pool does pose a concern though bathers only ingest the pool water occasionally.Moreover, the variation of anion concentrations at different climate is discussed. This is the first report on anion analysis on swimming pool water based on an ion chromatographic method developed for drinking water analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".