Hydraulic conductivity of tyre-derived aggregate for leachate collection and removal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the determination of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity in large-particle-sized tyre-derived aggregate (TDA) – that is, TDA with particle sizes over 50 mm – as a substitute for gravel in landfill leachate collection and removal layers. The determination of hydraulic conductivity was completed under applied surface stresses from 56 to 375 kPa, relating to 5–40 m of waste over a TDA drainage layer in waste disposal facilities. Hydraulic conductivity was determined indirectly from measurements of air permeability. At the final applied stress, hydraulic conductivity was measured directly to compare with the values determined from the air permeability measurements. The Forchheimer addition to the typical Darcy’s equation of flow was used to account for the effects of inertia from non-Darcian flows (as indicated from the Reynolds numbers). At all the applied stresses, after correcting for inertia, the equivalent horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity values for all TDA types tested were greater than 0.0001 m/s – a typical requirement for landfill drainage layers. The anisotropy in the hydraulic conductivity decreased with the applied stress from as high as 10 at 56 kPa to up to 2 at 375 kPa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".