Analysis of the Duration of High Winds During Landfalling Hurricanes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The duration of wind storms over a threshold wind speed value is known to be an important parameter in determining damage and losses, with losses tending to increase with the duration. This is because peak pressures tend to increase with longer duration, many building components and cladding systems are vulnerable to different types of fatigue mechanisms, and the yielding of linear elastic materials in the plastic range depends on the number of load cycles. A hurricane model was used to examine the duration of high winds in the United States at Miami, Galveston, and Charleston with the goal of establishing duration statistics for hurricanes as a function of peak wind speed. It was found that the duration of high winds, defined as the time that the 10 min wind speeds are within 30% of the peak 10 min wind speed, had a significant variation with a range from tens of minutes to more than 20 h, depending on location. The median duration ranged from 1.5 to 4 h at the three locations, depending on location and the design wind speed level (i.e., the risk Category of the building). These results were used to establish a simple normalized model for wind speed as a function of time, which could be used together with the design wind speed to establish load cycles for design.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".