628 Longitudinal Association between NREM Sleep Depth and Arousability with ADHD and Internalizing Disorders in Adolescence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Sleep depth decreases in the transition from childhood to adolescence, even in typically developing (TD) youth. However, it remains unknown whether this developmental trajectory in NREM sleep depth differs across adolescents with psychiatric/behavioral disorders. Methods We analyzed the sleep EEG of 392 subjects aged 5–12 at baseline and 12–22 at follow-up (45.2% female, 23.2% racial/ethnic minority), of whom 246 were TD adolescents (controls), 62 were diagnosed with a psychiatric/behavioral disorder and were taking stimulant, anti-depressant, anxiolytic, sedative and/or anti-psychotic medications, and 84 were un-medicated. NREM sleep depth was measured at both time points using the odds ratio product (ORP), which provides a standardized continuous EEG measure of NREM sleep depth/arousability (higher ORP reflects lighter NREM sleep). General linear models examined mean differences between groups on the percent change in ORP between baseline and follow-up (ΔORP) while adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, age, BMI and AHI at follow-up, and PSG system, psychiatric/behavioral disorders, psychoactive medications and ORP at baseline as well as time-to-follow-up. Results Overall, medicated (80.4%, 95%CI=66.2–94.6) and un-medicated (66.1%, 95%CI=53.0–79.1) subjects showed a higher ΔORP compared to controls (52.2%, 95%CI=40.0–64.5, p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) but did not differ between each other (p=0.134). Specifically, un-medicated subjects with ADHD (n=56) showed a higher ΔORP (77.3%, 95%CI=62.4–92.1) compared to controls (p<0.01), while subjects with ADHD on stimulant medication (n=36) did not differ (66.1%, 95%CI=48.9–93.2) from controls (p=0.268) or from un-medicated ADHD subjects (p=0.303). Subjects with internalizing disorders on psychoactive medications (n=29) showed a higher ΔORP (104.9%, 95%CI=82.8–127.0) compared to controls (p<0.01) and to un-medicated subjects (n=27) with internalizing disorders (60.1%, 95%CI=36.8–83.3, p<0.01), who did not differ from controls (p=0.772). Conclusion The greater increase in ORP in the transition to adolescence in un-medicated youth with ADHD suggests that decreased NREM sleep depth may be a biomarker of the disorder. In contrast, the greater increase in ORP in medicated youth with internalizing disorders suggests that psychoactive medications impact NREM sleep depth in these children as they transition to adolescence. These data have important implications for sleep EEG studies that include medicated and un-medicated youth with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Support (if any) NIH Awards Number R01MH118308, R01HL136587, R01HL97165, R01HL63772, UL1TR000127
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".