Variation and Individuality in Display-Flight Calls of Male Piping Plovers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this first study of vocal individuality in the Charadriidae, we describe vocal variation in the endangered Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus). We studied a long-distance advertisement call given by breeding males during aerial displays, because functionally similar vocalizations of scolopacids are known to be individualistic. We analyzed recordings of 10 breeding males on Prince Edward Island, Canada, made in 1998 and 1999. Calls varied substantially among males: variance among males (in one-way ANOVAs) averaged 61% of the total variance across variables, similar to two scolopacid species. Males were distinguishable from one another even on the basis of single calls. However, discrimination ability (classification success) improved substantially when multiple-call averages per male were used; this approach more realistically represents how plovers experience one another's calls. Calls of two males changed little over days to weeks. In future work, individual identification can be improved by using averages from multiple calls. To improve techniques for application to the Piping Plover, we recommend research on marked individuals of common related species, which share many acoustic homologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".