The incidence of urolithiasis in cats and dogs, and the influence of diet in formation and prevention of recurrence.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The two most common minerals found in uroliths from cats and dogs were calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate, identified using accurate quantitative analytical techniques. Other mineral types included calcium phosphate and uric acid/ammonium urate. Cystine uroliths were found only in dogs. Trends towards age, breed and sex for each mineral type are discussed. \nThe major urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate formation in dogs were found to be calcium and oxalate, although uric acid concentration was also increased in some dogs. Although individually these factors differentiated between calcium oxalate stone-forming dogs and clinically normal dogs, the relative supersaturation of urine with respect to calcium oxalate more clearly discriminated between the two groups. \nDifferences between the urine composition of breeds susceptible to calcium oxalate formation (Miniature schnauzer, Cairn terrier and Cocker spaniel) were identified, when compared to a breed with a low risk of calcium oxalate formation (Labrador retriever). These included a lower urine volume (per kg bodyweight), higher urine specific gravity and increased calcium concentration. Increased dietary moisture and sodium were shown to reduce the severity of these differences, thereby reducing the risk of calcium oxalate crystallisation in susceptible breeds. This thesis also demonstrated that both dietary calcium and oxalate have to be controlled in order to minimise the risk of calcium oxalate formation in susceptible breeds. \nIt was shown that in cats a moderately acidic urine pH within the range of 6-6.5 could minimise the risk of both calcium oxalate and MAP crystallisation compared to either a more acidic (5.8) or more alkaline urine pH (6.8). Finally, dietary potassium citrate supplementation, which is often recommended for the management of calcium oxalate formation in dogs had limited effects on urine analytes in the majority of dogs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".