Large and negative self-defocusing optical Kerr nonlinearity in Palladium di-Selenide 2D films
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We report a large third-order nonlinear optical response of palladium diselenide (PdSe 2 ) films – a two-dimensional (2D) noble metal dichalcogenide material. Both open-aperture (OA) and closed-aperture (CA) Z-scan measurements are performed with a femtosecond pulsed laser at 800 nm to investigate the nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction, respectively. In the OA experiment, we observe optical limiting behaviour originating from large two photo absorption (TPA) in the PdSe 2 film of β = 3.26 ×10 − 8 m/W. In the CA experiment, we measure a peak-valley response corresponding to a large and negative Kerr nonlinearity of n 2 = -1.33×10 − 15 m 2 /W – two orders of magnitude larger than bulk silicon. We also characterize the variation of n 2 as a function of laser intensity, observing that n 2 decreases in magnitude with incident laser intensity, becoming saturated at n 2 = -9.96×10 − 16 m 2 /W at high intensities. These results verify the large third-order nonlinear optical response of 2D PdSe 2 as well as its strong potential for high performance nonlinear photonic devices.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it