Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter describes the history and workings of the Privy Council, which was the Supreme Court of both the First and Second British Empires from 1607 until the present day. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC), as it came to be called in 1833, provided vertical federalism judicial review in all British Imperial cases arising outside of England and Wales to ensure that English colonies were not adopting laws that were repugnant to English law. The British Empire from 1607 to the present day was and is a constitutional federal entity with centralized federalism judicial review vested in what is now called the JCPC. The JCPC, which still exists, does not have the power of horizontal judicial review, either over acts of the U.K. Parliament, or of the prime minister. The Privy Council between 1607 and 1776 reined in the thirteen North American British colonies when they enacted laws or decided cases in ways that were repugnant to the laws of England. The JCPC decided Canadian and Australian federalism and separation of powers case from 1867 on thereby habituating those countries to the practice of federalism and separation of powers judicial review, which both countries have followed since gaining independence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".