Weather-condition-regulated, heated 3-D sonic anemometers (CSAT3AH and CSAT3BH): Working rationale, operation algorithm, and performance assessment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) sonic anemometers are commonly used to measure 3-D wind in eddy-covariance systems for the fluxes of momentum, sonic temperature, and when integrated with fast-response gas analyzers, the fluxes of CO2/H2O. A 3-D sonic anemometer has three pairs of sonic transducers spatially positioned with optimized geometry for 3-D wind measurements. The three pairs form three individual sonic paths, each of which is between paired transducers mutually emitting and receiving ultrasonic signals. The transmitting time of the signals in reference to the sonic path length is used to calculate air flow speed and sonic temperature at high frequencies, which can be used for flux computations. However, under unfavorable weather conditions the dew, frost, snow, and/or ice often deposit on the transducer signal transmitting surface. The deposition interferes with the transducer emitting and receiving signals, bringing significant uncertainties to the wind and sonic temperature measurements. These uncertainties degrade the quality of flux data and even interrupt the data continuity, especially in climates where this deposition is most frequent. To minimize the uncertainties, and to optimize the data quality and continuity as much as possible, Campbell Scientific developed the weather-condition-regulated, heated 3-D sonic anemometers: CSAT3AH and CSAT3BH. The former is a heated CSAT3A used for Campbell Scientific open-path and closed-path eddy-covariance systems. The latter is a heated CSAT3B, universally configured with any other gas analyzer for eddy-covariance measurements or used as a stand-alone sensor for wind aerodynamic measurements. Both models use the same heating technology equipping a sonic anemometer with an electronic heating controller (CSAT3H) programmatically regulating the power to heat sonic transducers, arms, and the strut. Based on weather conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure) and sonic anemometer operation status (diagnosis codes), the controller regulates heat to prevent frozen and liquid deposition from interfering with the sonic signal. The two new models of sonic anemometers were tested and assessed at several locations, including inside an environment-controlled laboratory chamber, over a forest canopy in a cold region, and at a snow-covered field station at a high plateau. This poster addresses working rationale, operating heating algorithm, and sensor performances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".