Decreased Levels of Serum IL‐34 Associated with Cognitive Impairment in Vascular Dementia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective . Interleukin‐ (IL‐) 34 is a new type of cytokine with neuroprotective effects discovered in recent years. However, the relationship between IL‐34 and vascular dementia (VaD) has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study is to determine whether IL‐34 is involved in cognitive impairment of VaD. Methods . From January 2017 to December 2020, 84 VaD patients and 60 healthy controls who attended Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital were prospectively included in the study. Once included in the study, demographic features of all research subjects are collected. They include age, gender, education, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC). Meanwhile, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale was used to assess the cognitive function of participants. The serum IL‐34 level was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results . There was no significant difference between the demographic features of VaD patients and healthy controls ( p > 0.05). However, the serum IL‐34 levels of VaD patients and healthy controls are 27.6 ± 3.9 pg/ml and 41.8 ± 6.0 pg/ml, respectively, and there is a significant statistical difference between them ( p < 0.001). The results of bivariate correlation analysis showed that serum IL‐34 levels were significantly positively correlated with MoCA scores ( r = 0.371, p = 0.023). Further regression analysis showed that IL‐34 was still correlated with MoCA after adjusting for demographic features ( β = 0.276, p = 0038). Conclusions . Serum IL‐34 levels in VaD patients were significantly reduced, which may be an independent predictor of cognitive impairment in VaD patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".