Decision-Making: At the End of Life and the Provision of Pretreatment Advice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite a dearth of affirmative judicial or legislative guidance, it is generally accepted that a capacitated individual may legally and ethically hasten his or her death by voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED) (Pope and Anderson2011). In contrast, it is far more controversial whether an individual can VSED when s/he lacks capacity to do so contemporaneously (Menzel and Chandler-Cramer 2014). It remains unsettled whether an individual may use an advance directive or surrogate decisionmaker to restrain caregivers from offering food and fluids when s/he later reaches a pre-defined state of advanced dementia. Two new court decisions from the Canadian province of British Columbia are among the few in the world to address the legitimacy of advance VSED (Bentley v. Maplewood Seniors Care Society, 2014 BCSC 165; Bentley v. Maplewood Seniors Care Society, 2015 BCCA 91).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.028 | 0.086 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.023 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.013 | 0.018 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".