Single-Phase Ferroresonance in an Ungrounded System Causing Surge Arresters Failure during the System Energization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ferroresonance often occurs in power systems during system switching actions, which can create overvoltages and pose great risks to the equipment safety. In this paper, a single-phase ferroresonance incident during a system energization is presented, which occurred at a single-phase station service transformer in an ungrounded system, causing surge arresters' failure. The incident is investigated through PSCAD simulations and analytical analysis. The relay field record is used to compare with the simulation results in order to validate the PSCAD simulation model. Several case studies are conducted using PSCAD simulations to evaluate various contributing factors to this ferroresonance incident. The root cause of the incident is found to be the lack of ground during energization in the system. Field practices are recommended to be implemented before the system energization to avoid such incidents, which were proved to be effective by successfully energizing the system in the field following these practices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".