A Radiation-Hardened Wide Spectral Response 4T CMOS Image Sensor Pixel Employing a Through-Silicon Via based Photodetector
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel radiation-hardened 4-transistor (4T) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor pixel is proposed, employing a through-silicon-via (TSV) based metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector as the photosensitive element. The presented pixel structure is designed and simulated in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. It is shown that deploying the TSV-based MSM photodetector decreases the pixel sensitive area to 3 μm2compared to conventional planar MSM ones, and enhances both the lower and higher wavelengths of the spectral response characteristic of the pixel as well. The designed pixel has a 2.75 μm radius circular structure, the dark current of 77 fA at 1 V reverse bias (at room temperature), a conversion gain of 116 μV.e-1, a dynamic range of 58.62 dB, and an approximately linear spectral response in the range of 300 to 800 nm wavelengths of the incident light spectrum. The proposed pixel structure, enabled with a p+ guard ring, also demonstrates insignificant dark current degradation under gamma ray radiation of up to 1 Mrad.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".