An approach for COVID-19 detection using deep convolutional features on chest X-ray images
Bibliographic record
Abstract
First screening of COVID-19 becomes very crucial because of its fast spread. There are several ways to diagnose someone who has COVID-19, but chest X-ray is one of the efficient tools that can be used. Deep learning, especially Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), is commonly utilized in medical images due to its superiority in extracting high-level features of images. However, in order to train CNN, we need enormous data to avoid overfitting. Meanwhile, there is a limit of chest X-ray availability that can be access publicly. Considering this problem, we propose pre-trained CNN model as a feature extractor, and the feature vector obtained as the output of CNN that is used as the input of machine learning classifier, namely Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN). Using the data from Kaggle COVID-19 Radiography Database, our proposed method with SVM as a classifier succeeded in delivering accuracy of 99.73% in the testing data. Moreover, the performance of CNN-SVM held on training data provides the average accuracy of 99.77%. Thus, our proposed approach can be used as an alternative on screening COVID-19. © 2021 Little Lion Scientific.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".