Bibliographic record
Abstract
Islam and Liberal Rights in the Federal ConstitutionConstitutions are foundational documents.They are meant to organize institutions of governance, entrench fundamental rights, and serve as important expressions of national identity.Agreement on these foundational principles is considered crucial among experts in constitutional design.But even in the best of circumstances, when compromise is forthcoming at the time of drafting, any constitutional text will serve as both an object and an instrument in future political struggles.Conflict is inevitable because the aims and objectives of political actors evolve over time, and because constitutional provisions are often left vague or discordant to overcome divergent interests in the constitution-writing process (Lerner 2011).This chapter provides the historical context for understanding the origins of the major provisions in the Federal Constitution concerning religion and liberal rights.I examine the political context of British Malaya with a focus on the key players and the competing interests that became entrenched in the new constitutional order. 1 This "constitutional ethnography" is essential for understanding (a) the legal construction of race and religion in British Malaya, (b) the dual constitutional provisions for liberal rights and Anglo-Muslim law and, (c) the formation of separate jurisdictions for Muslims and non-Muslims in areas of personal status and family law.In subsequent chapters, I examine how each of these legal features fuels the judicialization of religion. the legal construction of race and religion in british malayaAs a major crossroads for centuries, the Malay Peninsula has a long history of ethnic diversity and cross-fertilization.Parts of the Peninsula, particularly those coastal areas with the most exposure to trade routes, were already multiethnic by the time the British arrived.But economic forces from the middle of the nineteenth century accelerated the rate of demographic change.British commercial interests recognized the tremendous potential for tin production.With the assistance of Malay rulers and ethnic Chinese business interests, laborers were brought from China by 1 For a comparative study of constitution writing and religion, see Ba ˆli and Lerner (2017).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".